乡村振兴战略背景下江西省设施蔬菜发展问题与对策

为加快乡村振兴战略背景下江西省设施蔬菜产业发展,实现设施蔬菜增产增效,以江西省乐平、永丰、高安、崇仁、瑞金和樟树等6个农业大县(市)为例,分析了江西省设施蔬菜的发展现状和存在问题,并提出了科学把握发展方向、积极壮大投资主体等5个方面的对策建议,以期为当地设施蔬菜发展提供新的依据与参考。     

Responses of plant community to the linkages in plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,China

Succession is one of the central themes of ecology;however,the relationship between aboveground plant communities and underground soils during secondary succession remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the composition of plant community,plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry and their relationships during secondary succession after the abandonment of farmlands for 0,10,20,30,40 and 50 a in China,2016.Results showed that the composition of plant communities was most diverse in the farmlands after secondary succession for 20 and 50 a.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents slightly decreased after secondary succession for 30 a,but both were significantly higher than those of control farmland(31.21%-139.10%and 24.24%-121.21%,respectively).Moreover,C:N ratios of soil and microbe greatly contributed to the changes in plant community composition during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,explaining 35.70%of the total variation.Particularly,soil C:N ratio was significantly and positively related with the Shannon-Wiener index.This study provides the evidence of synchronous evolution between plant community and soil during secondary succession and C:N ratio is an important linkage between them.     

日光温室秋冬茬水果彩椒营养液循环栽培技术

为更好探索秋冬茬盆栽彩椒栽培技术,昌平区农业技术推广站示范了椰糠盆栽彩椒营养液循环栽培生产模式。采用自动灌溉、合理的水肥配比、回流液回收利用及栽培管理技术,其中栽培技术内容包括品种选择、培育壮苗、定植及管理、授粉、植株调整、病虫害防治等,实现水肥配比合理化,节省人工;肥效较高,水肥循环利用率达90%,节水50%以上;使作物生长健壮、抗病力强,施药次数减少;667 m~2产量达5 570 kg,比传统栽培模式提高20%,社会、经济和生态效益显著。     

东台市工厂化育苗产业的发展现状及建议

东台地区顺应市场农业现代化发展需求，支持和推进瓜果蔬菜育苗产业化，已形成一定规模和技术体系，但也存在企业运营水平差异、缺乏专业技术培训、产业经营淡旺不均等问题；因此，要探讨加快工厂化育苗产业健康发展的途径和思路，尤其要构建质量与风险管控机制、创建个性化品牌、提升售后服务水平，旨在促进瓜果蔬菜育苗产业化经营的标准化、现代化。     

Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.     

不同播期对黄秋葵长势、抗病性和产量的影响

为在河北省推广种植黄秋葵,在安国、保定、邯郸、衡水和石家庄5个试验点进行黄秋葵分期播种试验,研究了不同播期对石秋葵1号、红玉和五福3个品种生长势、抗病性和产量的影响。结果表明:播期对石秋葵1号、红玉和五福生长势、抗病性和产量具有较大的影响,随着播期的推迟,3个品种的茎粗大致呈逐渐增高的趋势,株高呈先降后升的趋势(除2018年的红玉外),单株结果数则先增加后减少,单果质量(除五福外)逐渐增大;以4月20日、25日和30日为播期,得到的黄秋葵单株产量和折合667 m~2产量较高。综合得出,河北省黄秋葵种植以4月20日、25日、30日为播期最为适宜。     

不同西兰花品种与硒肥浓度对硒富集的影响

为了研究不同西兰花品种、硒肥浓度对硒富集的影响,对硒富集量较高的西兰花品种进行了筛选,并在不同西兰花品种、不同硒肥浓度条件下,测定了不同处理的硒元素含量。结果表明:绿天使2号品种较其他品种具有优质、高产、硒元素含量高的特点,应用富硒叶力肥较不施肥的品种硒元素含量高,667 m~2喷施浓度以0.140%最佳,喷施硒肥后产量、硒元素含量较高。     

温度对拟穴青蟹循环水养殖系统微生物群落结构的影响

为探究温度对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)循环养殖水体中微生物群落的影响,深入理解环境因子与养殖水体微生物群落之间的相关性。在水温分别为18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃和32℃的循环养殖系统中进行拟穴青蟹养殖,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术对不同温度下的养殖水体微生物群落组成进行分析。结果表明:(1) Alpha多样性指数显示5组水样中细菌群落多样性指数大小为t26t22t30t32t18,物种丰度大小为t22t26t32t30t18。温度可以导致养殖水体中微生物群落多样性发生变化,但并未发现二者之间直接的相关性。(2) 5种温度下的养殖系统中细菌群落共有31门、43纲、94目、185科和351属,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为循环养殖水体中绝对优势菌门。在养殖系统水温为26℃时,养殖水体中氮磷污染物含量相对较高,其水中脱氮除磷菌属的相对丰度也显著高于其他4组。(3)由花瓣图和UPGMA聚类分析图进行相似性分析可知,水体微生物群落对温度的变化有着良好的响应, 5组水样的细菌群落结构总体相似性较低,其中最高温度32℃和最低温度18℃的水体中细菌群落结构最为相似。(4)水体中微生物群落结构和与环境因子的相关性分析显示,氮磷营养盐中的总磷(TP)和硝酸盐(NO3–-N)对水中微生物群落特征具有显著性影响,而温度是导致养殖水体中氮磷营养盐差异化的主要原因。上述研究结果初步解释了温度对拟穴青蟹循环养殖水微生物群落的作用机制,为下一步深入研究拟穴青蟹循环水养殖系统中环境变化与微生物的相互关系提供参考。     

不同基质配比对温室番茄幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以番茄品种"福美十号"为材料,采用随机区组试验设计,研究不同基质配比对番茄幼苗生长与叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:采用A3[V(草炭)∶V(玉米秸秆)∶V(牛粪)∶V(食用菌下脚料)∶V(蛭石)=1∶2∶0.5∶0.5∶1]的基质配比,幼苗在出苗率、株高、茎粗、叶片数和根冠比等性状上表现最优,分别为98.25%、44.60 cm、0.50 cm、9.12片与7.95;叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSIⅡ)原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)与PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)的值在幼苗生长前期、中期和末期也均为最高,Fv/Fm值分别为0.82、0.74和0.79,Fv/Fo值分别为3.92、2.97和3.23;其叶片内丙二醛(MDA)含量最低为6.02μmol/g,其根系活力最强、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)与可溶性蛋白含量等指标最高,分别为158.26μg/(g·h)、386.23 U/g、6.26 U/(g·min)和0.203 mg/g,显著高于其他处理。说明采用处理A3的基质配比更适宜于番茄幼苗的生长。     

文成县新鲜蔬菜电子商务发展现状及对策建议

对文成县的新鲜蔬菜电子商务发展现状进行调查,分析表明在新鲜蔬菜网络销售种类、电商企业组成、电商平台建设、安全追溯体系等方面呈现蓬勃发展的良好态势,但在新鲜蔬菜电子商务规模、品牌创建程度、电子商务专业人才、物流配送网络建设等方面存在不足,结合文成县的实际提出了创新蔬菜电子商务发展模式、健全蔬菜供应链、创建蔬菜品牌形象整合营销、实施农业标准化生产提升产品质量、配强蔬菜电子商务人才、优化电子商务发展环境的对策和建议。